Difference between pages "Satanic Ritual Abuse Evidence and Journal Articles" and "False Memory Syndrome"

Revision as of 00:46, 18 December 2019

The term False Memory Syndrome was created in 1992 by the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF)^[1]. It has been called "a pseudoscientific syndrome that was developed to defend against claims of child abuse."^[1] The FMSF was created by parents who claimed to be falsely accused of child sexual abuse.^[1] The False Memory Syndrome was described as "a widespread social phenomenon where misguided therapists cause patients to invent memories of sexual abuse."^[1] Research has shown that most delayed memories of childhood abuse are true^[2]. In general, it has been shown that false allegations of childhood sexual abuse are rare, with some studies showing rates as low as one percent^[3]^[4] and some studies showing slightly higher rates^[3]. It has been found that children tend to understate rather than overstate the extent of any abuse experienced^[3]. It has been stated that misinformation on the topic of child sexual abuse is widespread and that the media have contributed to this problem by reporting favorably on unproven and controversial claims like the False Memory Syndrome^[5].

Research on False Memory

There is a great deal of evidence showing the existence of the phenomenon of recovered memory and the fairly high corroboration rates of these memories^[6]. The base rates for memory commission errors have been shown to be quite low, at least in professional trauma treatment. The base rates in adult misinformation studies run between zero and 5 percent for adults and between 3 - 5 percent for children^[7]. It has been shown that people who recover memories are a lot less suggestible than clinicians have been led to believe by false memory advocates^[8]. It has been stated that false memories are rare^[9] One research study showed the unlikelihood of being able to plant a false memory of a traumatic event^[10]. Some have stated that the False Memory Syndrome is not a scientific syndrome^[11].

Brown, Sheflin and Hammond stated "The hypothesis that false memories can easily be implanted in psychotherapy (Lindsay & Read, 1994; Loftus 1993; Loftus & Ketcham, 1994; Ofshe and Watters, 1993, 1994; Yapko, 1994a) seriously overstates the available data. Since no studies have been conducted on suggested effects in psychotherapy per se, the idea of iatrogenic suggestion of false memories remains an untested hypothesis.^[12]

Elizabeth Loftus, a proponent of the theory of false memory, has been critiqued in several studies and papers^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16].

Critiques of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation and its theories

Members of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation have been critiqued for misrepresenting data and for their possible reasons for having created the idea of the syndrome.

In reply to a TV documentary about FMS, William Freyd, (Pamela Freyd's (one of the founders of the FMSF) step brother and sister-in-law) wrote "The False Memory Syndrome Foundation is a fraud designed to deny a reality that Peter and Pam have spent most of their lives trying to escape. There is no such thing as a False Memory Syndrome."^[2] "In addition, Peter Freyd's own mother (who is also Pamela's step-mother) and his only sibling, a brother, were also estranged from Pamela and Peter. It should be noted that these family members support Jennifer's side of the story."^[1]

A co-founder of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Ralph Underwager, has also had several critiques written about him^[17]. In an interview in Amsterdam in June 1991 by “Paidika,” Editor-in-Chief, Joseph Geraci, Underwager replied to the question "Is choosing paedophilia for you a responsible choice for the individuals?" with "Certainly it is responsible. What I have been struck by as I have come to know more about and understand people who choose paedophilia is that they let themselves be too much defined by other people. That is usually an essentially negative definition. Paedophiles spend a lot of time and energy defending their choice. I don’t think that a paedophile needs to do that. Paedophiles can boldly and courageously affirm what they choose. They can say that what they want is to find the best way to love. I am also a theologian and as a theologian, I believe it is God’s will that there be closeness and intimacy, unity of the flesh, between people. A paedophile can say: “This closeness is possible for me within the choices that I’ve made."^[18]

In a transcription of the TV show Witness for Mr. Bubbles from “Australia 60 Minutes,” Channel Nine Network (Aired on August 5, 1990 in Australia), researcher Anna Salter stated that Underwager "isn’t accurate. That what he says in court does not necessarily fairly represent the literature." That he frequently distorts facts and he sometimes he quotes specific studies, and he’s frequently wrong about what the studies say."^[19]

It was stated in a court document that the two books that he and his wife Hollida Wakefield, wrote "Accusations of Child Sexual Abuse" (1988), and The Real World of Child Interrogations (1990) were not "well received in the medical and scientific press." It was also stated that "when they cannot use a quotation out of context from an article, they make unsupported statements, some of which are palpably untrue and others simply unprovable.” David L. Chadwick, Book Review, in 261 JAMA 3035 (May 26, 1989)." In the same document it was stated that "Both Salter and Toth came to believe that Underwager is a hired gun who makes a living by deceiving judges about the state of medical knowledge and thus assisting child molesters to evade punishment."^[20]

Those that have examined or written about the False Memory Syndrome theories or foundation or its members have been subjected to harassment. This includes Anna Salter's analysis of her harassment by Ralph Underwager^[21], David Calof, the former editor of Treating Abuse Today ^[22] and Jennifer Hoult ^[23].

Accusations have also been made about the accuracy of the False Memory Syndromes' proponents data and research. Salter has critiqued some of those that defend those accused of child sexual abuse. “The people who support and defend those accused of child sexual abuse indiscriminately, those who join organizations dedicated to defending people who are accused of child sexual abuse with no screening whatsoever to keep out those who are guilty as charged, are…not necessarily people engaged in an objective search for the truth. Some of them can and do use deceit, trickery, misstated research, harassment, intimidation, and charges of laundering federal money to silence their opponents.”^[21]. Whitfield stated "Since at least 95 percent of child molesters initially deny their abusive behaviors, how can untrained lay people like Pamela Freyd and her staff “document” a real or “unreal” case of “FMS,” as appears to be the case with most of their communications, which usually occur over the telephone or by letter (p. 76)."^[2]. Jennifer Freyd stated “Despite this documentation for both traumatic amnesia and essentially accurate delayed recall, memory science is often presented as if it supports the view that traumatic amnesia is very unlikely or perhaps impossible and that a great many, perhaps a majority, maybe even all, recovered memories of abuse are false…Yet no research supports such an implication…and a great deal of research supports the premise that forgetting sexual abuse is fairly common and that recovered memories are sometimes essentially true.” (p. 107) ^[24]

Proponents of false memory theories have also been accused of manipulating the media^[25]^[26]. The theory of false memory has been used as a defense in court to try and negate "abusive, criminal behavior" and this defense is fraught with disinformation, smoke screens, and other untruths that are a distortion of what the available science of the psychology of trauma and memory shows.^[27].

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Dallam, S. (2002). "Crisis or Creation: A systematic examination of false memory claims". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9 (3/4): 9–36. doi:10.1300/J070v09n03_02. PMID 17521989. "A review of the relevant literature demonstrates that the existence of such a syndrome lacks general acceptance in the mental health field, and that the construct is based on a series of faulty assumptions, many of which have been scientifically disproven. There is a similar lack of empirical validation for claims of a "false memory" epidemic. It is concluded that in the absence of any substantive scientific support, "False Memory Syndrome" is best characterized as a pseudoscientific syndrome that was developed to defend against claims of child abuse."
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Leadership Council - How often do children’s reports of abuse turn out to be false? "Jones and McGraw examined 576 consecutive referrals of child sexual abuse to the Denver Department of Social Services, and categorized the reports as either reliable or fictitious. In only 1% of the total cases were children judged to have advanced a fictitious allegation. Jones, D. P. H., and J. M. McGraw: Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse to Children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 27-45, 1987.
↑ False allegations of child sexual abuse by children are rare
↑ Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789019019.
↑ Recovered Memories - Child Abuse Wiki
↑ Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5
↑ Leavitt, F. (March 1997) False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia Child Abuse & Neglect - 21, 3, P. 265-272
↑ Hall, J., Kondora, L. (2005) “True” and “False” Child Sexual Abuse Memories and Casey’s Phenomenological View of Remembering American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 10 p. 1339-1359 DOI: 10.1177/0002764205277012 "The notion of false accusation is often raised in cases where physical evidence is not available and a period of time has passed or when there has been a delay in recall of the events by a survivor of child sexual abuse. This is not to imply that false memories are not possible. This article outlines how rare they must be, however, based on historical factors and a phenomenological analysis of memory itself....Most scientists investigating traumatic memory doubt that memories of abuse could be planted."
↑ Pezdek, Hodge, D. (1999) July-August Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility Child Development 70(4) p.887-895 "One false event described the child lost in a mall while shopping (the plausible false event); the other false event described the child receiving a rectal enema (the implausible false event). The majority of the 39 children (54%) did not remember either false event. However, whereas 14 children recalled the plausible but not the implausible false event, only one child recalled the implausible but not the plausible false event; this difference was statistically significant."
↑ Friesen, J. (1995) "The Truth About False Memory Syndrome, Huntington House Publisher ISBN: 1-56384-111-8 "The number of studies which have subjected false memory syndrome to scientific inquiry is zero. There is nothing scientific about it. There is nothing which defines it. There is no list of symptoms which describes it, nor is there anything which helps us distinguish it from other syndromes."
↑ Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5
↑ Crook, L. (1999) "Lost in a Shopping Mall"—a Breach of Professional Ethics Ethics & Behavior, (9, 1) P. 39-50 "An analysis of the mall study shows that beyond the external misrepresentations, internal scientific methodological errors cast doubt on the validity of the claims that have been attributed to the mall study within scholarly and legal arenas. The minimal involvement or, in some cases, negative impact of collegial consultation, academic supervision, and peer review throughout the evolution of the mall study are reviewed."
↑ Hopper, J. Elizabeth Loftus "Loftus is aware that those who study traumatic memory have for several years, based on a great deal of research and clinical experience, used the construct of dissociation to account for the majority of recovered memories. However, she continues to focus on and attack "repression" and "repressed memories," which has the effect of confusing and misleading many people."
↑ Pope, K. (1996) Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims About the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic American Psychologist 51: 957. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957 "Does the trauma specified in the lost-in-the-mall experiment seem comparable to the trauma forming the basis of false memory syndrome? Loftus (1993) described the implanted traumatic event in the shopping-mall experiment as follows: "Chris was convinced by his older brother Jim, that he had been lost in a shopping mall when he was five years old" (p. 532). Does this seem, for example, a reasonable analogy for a five-year-old girl being repeatedly raped by her father?....Is it possible that the findings are an artifact of this particular design, for example, that the older family member claims to have been present when the event occurred and to have witnessed it, a claim the therapist can never make? To date, replications and extensions of this study have tended to use a similar methodology; that is, either the older family member makes the suggestions in his or her role as the experimenter's confederate, or the experimenter presents the suggestion as being the report of an older family member, thus creating a surrogate confederate."
↑ Hoult, J. (2005)"Remembering Dangerously" & Hoult v. Hoult: The Myth of Repressed Memory that Elizabeth Loftus
↑ Information on Ralph Underwager
↑ PAIDIKA INTERVIEW:HOLLIDA WAKEFIELD AND RALPH UNDERWAGER Part I
↑ Witness for Mr. Bubbles Transcribed from "Australia 60 Minutes," Channel Nine Network (Aired on August 5, 1990 in Australia) Produced by Anthony Mcclellan; Reported by Mike Munro
↑ Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Anna Salter, Et Al., Defendants-Appellees. 22 F.3d 730 (7th Cir. 1994) Federal Circuits, 7th Cir. (April 25, 1994) Docket number: 93-2422
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Salter, A. (June 1998) Confessions of a Whistle-Blower: Lessons Learned Ethics & Behavior 8(2) p.115 - 124 DOI: 10.1207/s15327019eb0802_2 Abstract - In 1988 I began a report on the accuracy of expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases utilizing Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield as a case study (Wakefield & Underwager, 1988). In response, Underwager and Wakefield began a campaign of harassment and intimidation, which included multiple lawsuits; an ethics charge; phony (and secretly taped) phone calls; and ad hominem attacks, including one that I was laundering federal grant monies. The harassment and intimidation failed as the author refused demands to retract. In addition, the lawsuits and ethics charges were dismissed. Lessons learned from the experience are discussed.
↑ Calof, D.L. (1998). Notes from a practice under siege: Harassment, defamation, and intimidation in the name of science Ethics and Behavior, 8(2) p. 161-187. "For over three years, however, a group of proponents of the false memory syndrome (FMS) hypothesis, including members, officials, and supporters of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Inc., have waged a multi-modal campaign of harassment and defamation directed against me, my clinical clients, my staff, my family, and others connected to me. I have neither treated these harassers or their families, nor had any professional or personal dealings with any of them; I am not related in any way to the disclosures of memories of sexual abuse in these families. Nonetheless, this group disrupts my professional and personal life and threatens to drive me out of business. In this article, I describe practicing psychotherapy under a state of siege and places the campaign against me in the context of a much broader effort in the FMS movement to denigrate, defame, and harass clinicians, lecturers, writers, and researchers identified with the abuse and trauma treatment communities.
↑ Hoult, J. (June 1998) The Politics of Discrediting Child Abuse Survivors Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 125 - 140 "As a victim of child abuse who proved my claims in a landmark civil suit, there have been many attempts to silence and discredit me. This article provides an overview of my court case and its effects....I believe that published documents demonstrate how some members and supporters of false memory groups publish false statements that defame and intimidate victims of proven violence and their supporters. Such altered accounts are used to discredit others in court and in the press."
↑ Freyd, J. (June 1998) Science in the Memory Debate Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 101 - 113
↑ Stanton, M. (July/August 1997) U-Turn on Memory Lane Columbia Journalism Review “Rarely has such a strange and little-understood organization had such a profound effect on media coverage of such a controversial matter. The foundation is an aggressive, well-financed p.r. machine adept at manipulating the press, harassing its critics, and mobilizing a diverse army of psychiatrists, outspoken academics, expert defense witnesses, litigious lawyers, Freud bashers, critics of psychotherapy, and devastated parents. With a budget of $750,000 a year from members and outside supporters, the foundation’s reach far exceeds its actual membership of about 3,000.” “As controversial memory cases arose around the country, FMSF boosters contacted journalists to pitch the false-memory argument, more and more reporters picked up on the issue, and the foundation became an overnight media darling. The story line that had dominated the press since the 1980s — an underreported toll of sexual abuse, including sympathetic stories of adult survivors resurrecting long-lost memories of it — was quickly turned around. The focus shifted to new tearful victims — respectable, elderly parents who could no longer see their children and grandchildren because of bad therapists who implanted memories."
↑ Packard, N. (April, 2004) Battle Tactics of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation New School for Social Research, N.Y. History Matters Conference "Kondora’s and Beckett’s studies indicate that the Foundation has been successful in many of its efforts to manage public perception of child abuse victims, therapists and the people accused of child abuse. Kondora and Beckett show that not only has public perception of victimized children become skeptical, but in fact, the press often goes beyond the Victorian custom of neutrality on all fronts of the issue, to out-right sympathy for accused molesters."
↑ Whitfield, C. L. (2001). The "false memory" defense: Using disinformation and junk science in and out of court. In Whitfield, C. L., Silberg, J. Fink, P. J. Eds. (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors New York: Hawthorn Press, Inc. (pp. 53 - 78) also in Haworth Press, Special Issue on Disinformation, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9(3 & 4) "Attorneys for accused, convicted or found-responsible child molesters tend to use a superficially sophisticated argument, which can be described as the "false memory defense." This defense is fraught with disinformation, smoke screens, and other untruths that are a distortion of what the available science of the psychology of trauma and memory shows. In this article, this seemingly sophisticated, but actually mostly contrived and often erroneous defense, is described and it is compared in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory." "Abstract: This article describes a seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous "false memory" defense, and compares it in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory. Child sexual abuse is widespread and dissociative/traumatic amnesia for it is common. Accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates have crafted a strategy that tries to negate their abusive, criminal behavior, which we can call a "false memory" defense. Each of 22 of the more commonly used components of this defense is described and discussed with respect to what the science says about them. Armed with this knowledge, survivors, their clinicians, and their attorneys will be better able to refute this defense of disinformation."

Bibliography

Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5
Freyd, Jennifer J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma - The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-06805-x.
Knopp, Fay Honey (1996). A Primer on the Complexities of Traumatic Memory of Childhood Sexual Abuse - A Psychobiological Approach. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press. ISBN 1-884444-20-2.
Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.
Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789019019.

External Links

Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims about the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic
False Memory Syndrome A False Construct Feminista! v2, n10
False memory syndrome proponents tactics "False memory syndrome proponents have done the following to try and ensure that only their point of view is in the public view."

[Dallam-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Dallam, S. (2002). "Crisis or Creation: A systematic examination of false memory claims". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9 (3/4): 9–36. doi:10.1300/J070v09n03_02. PMID 17521989. "A review of the relevant literature demonstrates that the existence of such a syndrome lacks general acceptance in the mental health field, and that the construct is based on a series of faulty assumptions, many of which have been scientifically disproven. There is a similar lack of empirical validation for claims of a "false memory" epidemic. It is concluded that in the absence of any substantive scientific support, "False Memory Syndrome" is best characterized as a pseudoscientific syndrome that was developed to defend against claims of child abuse."

[Whitfield-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.

[Leadership-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Leadership Council - How often do children’s reports of abuse turn out to be false? "Jones and McGraw examined 576 consecutive referrals of child sexual abuse to the Denver Department of Social Services, and categorized the reports as either reliable or fictitious. In only 1% of the total cases were children judged to have advanced a fictitious allegation. Jones, D. P. H., and J. M. McGraw: Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse to Children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 27-45, 1987.

[4] False allegations of child sexual abuse by children are rare

[5] Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789019019.

[6] Recovered Memories - Child Abuse Wiki

[7] Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5

[8] Leavitt, F. (March 1997) False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia Child Abuse & Neglect - 21, 3, P. 265-272

[9] Hall, J., Kondora, L. (2005) “True” and “False” Child Sexual Abuse Memories and Casey’s Phenomenological View of Remembering American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 10 p. 1339-1359 DOI: 10.1177/0002764205277012 "The notion of false accusation is often raised in cases where physical evidence is not available and a period of time has passed or when there has been a delay in recall of the events by a survivor of child sexual abuse. This is not to imply that false memories are not possible. This article outlines how rare they must be, however, based on historical factors and a phenomenological analysis of memory itself....Most scientists investigating traumatic memory doubt that memories of abuse could be planted."

[10] Pezdek, Hodge, D. (1999) July-August Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility Child Development 70(4) p.887-895 "One false event described the child lost in a mall while shopping (the plausible false event); the other false event described the child receiving a rectal enema (the implausible false event). The majority of the 39 children (54%) did not remember either false event. However, whereas 14 children recalled the plausible but not the implausible false event, only one child recalled the implausible but not the plausible false event; this difference was statistically significant."

[11] Friesen, J. (1995) "The Truth About False Memory Syndrome, Huntington House Publisher ISBN: 1-56384-111-8 "The number of studies which have subjected false memory syndrome to scientific inquiry is zero. There is nothing scientific about it. There is nothing which defines it. There is no list of symptoms which describes it, nor is there anything which helps us distinguish it from other syndromes."

[12] Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5

[13] Crook, L. (1999) "Lost in a Shopping Mall"—a Breach of Professional Ethics Ethics & Behavior, (9, 1) P. 39-50 "An analysis of the mall study shows that beyond the external misrepresentations, internal scientific methodological errors cast doubt on the validity of the claims that have been attributed to the mall study within scholarly and legal arenas. The minimal involvement or, in some cases, negative impact of collegial consultation, academic supervision, and peer review throughout the evolution of the mall study are reviewed."

[14] Hopper, J. Elizabeth Loftus "Loftus is aware that those who study traumatic memory have for several years, based on a great deal of research and clinical experience, used the construct of dissociation to account for the majority of recovered memories. However, she continues to focus on and attack "repression" and "repressed memories," which has the effect of confusing and misleading many people."

[15] Pope, K. (1996) Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims About the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic American Psychologist 51: 957. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957 "Does the trauma specified in the lost-in-the-mall experiment seem comparable to the trauma forming the basis of false memory syndrome? Loftus (1993) described the implanted traumatic event in the shopping-mall experiment as follows: "Chris was convinced by his older brother Jim, that he had been lost in a shopping mall when he was five years old" (p. 532). Does this seem, for example, a reasonable analogy for a five-year-old girl being repeatedly raped by her father?....Is it possible that the findings are an artifact of this particular design, for example, that the older family member claims to have been present when the event occurred and to have witnessed it, a claim the therapist can never make? To date, replications and extensions of this study have tended to use a similar methodology; that is, either the older family member makes the suggestions in his or her role as the experimenter's confederate, or the experimenter presents the suggestion as being the report of an older family member, thus creating a surrogate confederate."

[16] Hoult, J. (2005)"Remembering Dangerously" & Hoult v. Hoult: The Myth of Repressed Memory that Elizabeth Loftus

[17] Information on Ralph Underwager

[18] PAIDIKA INTERVIEW:HOLLIDA WAKEFIELD AND RALPH UNDERWAGER Part I

[19] Witness for Mr. Bubbles Transcribed from "Australia 60 Minutes," Channel Nine Network (Aired on August 5, 1990 in Australia) Produced by Anthony Mcclellan; Reported by Mike Munro

[20] Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Anna Salter, Et Al., Defendants-Appellees. 22 F.3d 730 (7th Cir. 1994) Federal Circuits, 7th Cir. (April 25, 1994) Docket number: 93-2422

[Salter-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Salter, A. (June 1998) Confessions of a Whistle-Blower: Lessons Learned Ethics & Behavior 8(2) p.115 - 124 DOI: 10.1207/s15327019eb0802_2 Abstract - In 1988 I began a report on the accuracy of expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases utilizing Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield as a case study (Wakefield & Underwager, 1988). In response, Underwager and Wakefield began a campaign of harassment and intimidation, which included multiple lawsuits; an ethics charge; phony (and secretly taped) phone calls; and ad hominem attacks, including one that I was laundering federal grant monies. The harassment and intimidation failed as the author refused demands to retract. In addition, the lawsuits and ethics charges were dismissed. Lessons learned from the experience are discussed.

[22] Calof, D.L. (1998). Notes from a practice under siege: Harassment, defamation, and intimidation in the name of science Ethics and Behavior, 8(2) p. 161-187. "For over three years, however, a group of proponents of the false memory syndrome (FMS) hypothesis, including members, officials, and supporters of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Inc., have waged a multi-modal campaign of harassment and defamation directed against me, my clinical clients, my staff, my family, and others connected to me. I have neither treated these harassers or their families, nor had any professional or personal dealings with any of them; I am not related in any way to the disclosures of memories of sexual abuse in these families. Nonetheless, this group disrupts my professional and personal life and threatens to drive me out of business. In this article, I describe practicing psychotherapy under a state of siege and places the campaign against me in the context of a much broader effort in the FMS movement to denigrate, defame, and harass clinicians, lecturers, writers, and researchers identified with the abuse and trauma treatment communities.

[23] Hoult, J. (June 1998) The Politics of Discrediting Child Abuse Survivors Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 125 - 140 "As a victim of child abuse who proved my claims in a landmark civil suit, there have been many attempts to silence and discredit me. This article provides an overview of my court case and its effects....I believe that published documents demonstrate how some members and supporters of false memory groups publish false statements that defame and intimidate victims of proven violence and their supporters. Such altered accounts are used to discredit others in court and in the press."

[24] Freyd, J. (June 1998) Science in the Memory Debate Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 101 - 113

[25] Stanton, M. (July/August 1997) U-Turn on Memory Lane Columbia Journalism Review “Rarely has such a strange and little-understood organization had such a profound effect on media coverage of such a controversial matter. The foundation is an aggressive, well-financed p.r. machine adept at manipulating the press, harassing its critics, and mobilizing a diverse army of psychiatrists, outspoken academics, expert defense witnesses, litigious lawyers, Freud bashers, critics of psychotherapy, and devastated parents. With a budget of $750,000 a year from members and outside supporters, the foundation’s reach far exceeds its actual membership of about 3,000.” “As controversial memory cases arose around the country, FMSF boosters contacted journalists to pitch the false-memory argument, more and more reporters picked up on the issue, and the foundation became an overnight media darling. The story line that had dominated the press since the 1980s — an underreported toll of sexual abuse, including sympathetic stories of adult survivors resurrecting long-lost memories of it — was quickly turned around. The focus shifted to new tearful victims — respectable, elderly parents who could no longer see their children and grandchildren because of bad therapists who implanted memories."

[26] Packard, N. (April, 2004) Battle Tactics of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation New School for Social Research, N.Y. History Matters Conference "Kondora’s and Beckett’s studies indicate that the Foundation has been successful in many of its efforts to manage public perception of child abuse victims, therapists and the people accused of child abuse. Kondora and Beckett show that not only has public perception of victimized children become skeptical, but in fact, the press often goes beyond the Victorian custom of neutrality on all fronts of the issue, to out-right sympathy for accused molesters."

[27] Whitfield, C. L. (2001). The "false memory" defense: Using disinformation and junk science in and out of court. In Whitfield, C. L., Silberg, J. Fink, P. J. Eds. (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors New York: Hawthorn Press, Inc. (pp. 53 - 78) also in Haworth Press, Special Issue on Disinformation, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9(3 & 4) "Attorneys for accused, convicted or found-responsible child molesters tend to use a superficially sophisticated argument, which can be described as the "false memory defense." This defense is fraught with disinformation, smoke screens, and other untruths that are a distortion of what the available science of the psychology of trauma and memory shows. In this article, this seemingly sophisticated, but actually mostly contrived and often erroneous defense, is described and it is compared in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory." "Abstract: This article describes a seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous "false memory" defense, and compares it in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory. Child sexual abuse is widespread and dissociative/traumatic amnesia for it is common. Accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates have crafted a strategy that tries to negate their abusive, criminal behavior, which we can call a "false memory" defense. Each of 22 of the more commonly used components of this defense is described and discussed with respect to what the science says about them. Armed with this knowledge, survivors, their clinicians, and their attorneys will be better able to refute this defense of disinformation."

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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Difference between pages "Satanic Ritual Abuse Evidence and Journal Articles" and "False Memory Syndrome"

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-'''Ritual Abuse and Satanic Ritual Abuse Evidence and Journal Articles'''
+The term '''False Memory Syndrome''' was created in 1992 by the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF)<ref name=Dallam>Dallam, S. (2002). [http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/6.html "Crisis or Creation: A systematic examination of false memory claims".] Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9 (3/4): 9–36. doi:10.1300/J070v09n03_02. PMID 17521989. "A review of the relevant literature demonstrates that the existence of such a syndrome lacks general acceptance in the mental health field, and that the construct is based on a series of faulty assumptions, many of which have been scientifically disproven. There is a similar lack of empirical validation for claims of a "false memory" epidemic. It is concluded that in the absence of any substantive scientific support, "False Memory Syndrome" is best characterized as a pseudoscientific syndrome that was developed to defend against claims of child abuse."</ref>. It has been called "a pseudoscientific syndrome that was developed to defend against claims of child abuse."<ref name=Dallam/> The FMSF was created by parents who claimed to be falsely accused of child sexual abuse.<ref name=Dallam/> The False Memory Syndrome was described as "a widespread social phenomenon where misguided therapists cause patients to invent memories of sexual abuse."<ref name=Dallam/> Research has shown that most delayed memories of childhood abuse are true<ref name=Whitfield>Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Memory_and_Abuse.html?id=xPYfMQAACAAJ Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma] Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.</ref>. In general, it has been shown that false allegations of childhood sexual abuse are rare, with some studies showing rates as low as one percent<ref name=Leadership>[http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/csa-acc.html Leadership Council - How often do children’s reports of abuse turn out to be false?] "Jones and McGraw examined 576 consecutive referrals of child sexual abuse to the Denver Department of Social Services, and categorized the reports as either reliable or fictitious. In only 1% of the total cases were children judged to have advanced a fictitious allegation. Jones, D. P. H., and J. M. McGraw: Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse to Children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 27-45, 1987.</ref><ref>[http://ritualabuse.us/research/false-allegations-of-child-sexual-abuse-by-children-are-rare/ False allegations of child sexual abuse by children are rare]</ref> and some studies showing slightly higher rates<ref name=Leadership/>. It has been found that children tend to understate rather than overstate the extent of any abuse experienced<ref name=Leadership/>. It has been stated that misinformation on the topic of child sexual abuse is widespread and that the media have contributed to this problem by reporting favorably on unproven and controversial claims like the False Memory Syndrome<ref>Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789019019.</ref>.
-Adams, J. (2008). Case Studies of Ritual Abuse Survivors: From Abuse to Activism. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 541- . Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Anderson, A. (2008). Letter from a general practitioner.  In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 140-144. London: Karnac.
-Archaeological Investigations of the McMartin Preschool Site http://web.archive.org/web/20010123212200/members.cruzio.com/~ratf/McMartin.html/ http://web.archive.org/web/20010406130849/http://members.cruzio.com/~ratf/McMartIntro.html
-Ball, T.M. (2008). The Use of Prayer for Inner Healing of Memories and Deliverance with Ritual Abuse Survivors. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century:  Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 413-442. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Becker T. & Overkamp B. (2008). Spezifische Anforderungen  an die Unterstützung von Opfern organisierter und ritueller Gewalt.  In: Fliß CM & Igney C: Handbuch Trauma & Dissoziation. Lengerich:  Pabst Science Publishers. (Specific Requirements for the Support of  Victims of Organized and Ritual Abuse).
-Becker T. & Woywodt, U.  (2007). Ritueller Mißbrauch: Auswirkungen der Arbeit auf die Beraterinnen und die Beratung. In: Wildwasser e.V.:Sexuelle Gewalt – Aktuelle Beitraege aus Theorie und Praxis. Berlin: Selbstverlag.  (Ritual Abuse: Consequences of working in this field on cousellors and counselling)
-Becker, T., Karriker, W., Overkamp, B. Rutz, C. (2008). The Extreme Abuse Survey: preliminary findings regarding dissociative identity disorder. In A. Sachs & G. Galton  (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 32-49. London: Karnac.
-Becker, T. (2008). “Organisierte und rituelle Gewalt” (“Organized and Ritual Violence”). In Fliß CM & Igney C: Handbuch Trauma & Dissoziation. Lengerich:  Pabst Science Publishers.
-Becker, T. (2008). Re-Searching for New Perspectives: Ritual Abuse/Ritual Violence as Ideologically Motivated Crime. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century:  Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 237-260. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Becker T. & Woywodt, U.  (2007). Ritueller Mißbrauch: Auswirkungen der Arbeit auf die Beraterinnen und die Beratung. In: Wildwasser e.V.:Sexuelle Gewalt – Aktuelle Beitraege aus Theorie und Praxis. Berlin: Selbstverlag.  (Ritual Abuse: Consequences of working in this field on cousellors and counselling)
-Becker, Thorsten (2008). Rituelle Gewalt in Deutschland. (Ritual Violence in Germany). In: Froehling Ulla: Vater unser in der Hoelle. Bergisch-Gladbach: Lübbe
-Becker, T; Karriker W; Overkamp B; Rutz, C (2008). “The extreme abuse surveys: Preliminary findings regarding dissociative identity disorder”, Forensic aspects of dissociative identity disorder. London: Karnac Books, 32-49. ISBN 1-855-75596-3.
-Believe the children (1997). “Conviction List: Ritual Child Abuse”. http://www.ra-info.org/resources/ra_cases.shtml
-Bensinger, Terri T. Long-term effects on adult women who report sexual and ritual abuse in their childhoods. Dissertation Abstracts  International 1990 Jul Vol 51(1-B), p. 420.
-Bernet W, Chang DK. (1997). “The differential diagnosis of ritual abuse allegations.” Journal of Forensic Science 42(1), 32-38.
-Boat, B.W. (1991). Caregivers as surrogate therapists in treatment of a ritualistically abused child. In W.N. Friedrich (Ed.) , Casebook of sexual abuse treatment., (pp. 1-26). New York: Norton.
-Bottoms, B.L.; Shaver, P.R.; Goodman, G.S. (1996). “An analysis of ritualistic and religion-related child abuse allegations” (PDF). Law and Human Behavior 20 (1): 1-34. doi:10.1007/BF01499130. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q40489p813183l15/
-Bottoms, Bette L., Diviak, K. R. and Davis, S. L. (1997) “Jurors’ reactions to satanic ritual abuse allegations.” Child Abuse and Neglect 21(9):845-59.
-Brandt, Susan Jeannine. An analysis of the mental health professionals’ response to satanic ritual abuse. Dissertation Abstracts International 1993 Jul Vol 54(1-A), pp. 87–88.
-Braun, B. (1986). “Issues in the Psychotherapy of Multiple Personality Disorder”, pp. 1-28. in Braun, B. (1986). Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 206. ISBN 0-88048-096-3.
-Brown, Ian, “A Case Study Investigation of the Development and Treatment of Alter Personalities in Dissociative Identity Disorder” Edith Cowan University, 2006 http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0027.html
-Brown, J.B. (2008). A Therapeutic Relationship: Shifting Boundaries in the Service of Healing. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic,  Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 381-412. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Brown, D. (1994). Satanic ritual abuse: A therapist’s handbook. Denver, CO: Blue Moon Press.
-Brunet, Lynn, MA (Hons)  Doctor of Philosophy “Terror, trauma and the eye in the triangle: the Masonic presence in contemporary art and culture”  November 2007 p. 98 – 101 has information on allegations of Masonic ritual abuse  http://ogma.newcastle.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:749
-Buck, S. (2008). The RAINS Network in the UK (Ritual Abuse Information Network and Support). In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 307- 326. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Bucky, Steven F.; Dalenberg, Constance; The relationship between training of mental health professionals and the reporting of ritual abuse and multiple personality disorder symptomatology. Journal of Psychology & Theology, Vol 20(3), Fal 1992. Special issue: Satanic ritual abuse: The current state of knowledge. pp. 233-238.
-Bybee, D. & Mowbray, C. (1993). An analysis of allegations of sexual abuse in a multi-victim day-care center case. Child Abuse and Neglect. 17(6): 767-783.
-Byington, Judy MSW, LCSW, ret. (2012) Twenty-Two Faces – Inside the Extraordinary Life of Jenny Hill and Her Twenty-Two Multiple Personalities Tate Publishing May, 2012 ISBN-13: 978-1620240328  http://22faces.com/
-Calof, D. L. “From the editor’s desk: Regarding the credibility of ritual abuse reports.” Treating Abuse Today 1(4) 1991 p. 4
-Caradonna, Maria. Ritual child abuse. Dissertation Abstracts  International; 1992 Apr Vol 52(10- B) 5519 IS ISSN/ISBN: 04194217
-'''Child Abuse Wiki articles''':
-Ritual Abuse  http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Ritual_Abuse
-Extreme Abuse Surveys http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Extreme_Abuse_Surveys
-Hell Minus One http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Hell_Minus_One
-Ritual Abuse Torture http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Ritual_Abuse_Torture
-Breaking the Circle of Satanic Ritual Abuse
-http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Breaking_the_Circle_of_Satanic_Ritual_Abuse
-Cult and Ritual Abuse
-http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Cult_and_Ritual_Abuse
-Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder
-http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Forensic_Aspects_of_Dissociative_Identity_Disorder
-Ritual Abuse in the Twenty First Century
-http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Ritual_Abuse_in_the_Twenty-First_Century
-Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Treating_Survivors_of_Satanist_Abuse
-Chronology of the McMartin Preschool Abuse Trials and information on the case http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/mcmartin-preschool-case-what-really-happened-and-the-coverup/
-Cole, Deborah A. The incidence of ritual abuse: A preliminary survey. Dissertation Abstracts International 1992 Dec Vol 53(6-B), p. 3150.
-Coleman, J. (1994). Presenting features in adult victims of Satanist ritual abuse. Child Abuse Review, 3: 83-92.
-Coleman, J. (2008). Satanist ritual abuse and the problem of credibility. In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 9-22. London: Karnac.
-Common Programs Observed in Survivors of Satanic Ritualistic Abuse http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/common-programs-observed-in-survivors-of-satanic-ritualistic-abuse/
-describes crimes of abuse and programming techniques
-David W. Neswald, M.A. M.F.C.C. in collaboration with Catherine Gould, Ph.D. and Vicki Graham-Costain, Ph.D. The California Therapist, Sept./Oct. 1991, 47-50
-Constantine, Alex “McMartin Preschool Revisited” p. 136-181 in Virtual Government – CIA Mind Control Operations in America (1997) Feral House Pub., ISBN 0-922915-45-8 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/psnews/message/222
-Constantine, Alex – Ray Buckey’s Press Corps and the Tunnels of McMartin in Psychic Dictatorship in the USA (Feral House, 1995) http://groups.yahoo.com/group/psnews/message/226 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/psnews/message/227 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/psnews/message/228 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/psnews/message/235
-Cook, C. (1991). Understanding ritual abuse: A study of thirty-three ritual abuse survivors. Treating Abuse Today, 1(4), 14-19.
-Cook, S. (2008). Opening Pandora’s box. P In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 155-166. London: Karnac.
-Cozolino, L.J. (1990). “Ritual child abuse, psychopathology, and evil”. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 18(3):218-227 https://wisdom.biola.edu/jpt
-Cozolino, L.J. (1989). “The ritual abuse of children: Implications for clinical practice and research.” Journal of Sex Research 26(1), 131-138.
-Cozolino, L.J.; Shaffer, R.E (Fall 1992) Satanic Ritual Abuse: The Current State of Knowledge Adults who report childhood ritualistic abuse. Journal of Psychology and Theology 20(3) https://wisdom.biola.edu/jpt
-Craighead, W. E.; Corsini, R.J.; Nemeroff, C. B. (2002) The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science Published by John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0471270830 – Sadistic Ritual Abuse (p.1435 – 1438) http://books.google.com/books?id=JQMRmyOfpJ8C&pg=PT82&lpg=PT86&vq=sadistic+abuse&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html
-Cross, S.  with “Louise” (and her alters) (2008). Am I safe yet?  In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 62-78. London: Karnac.
-Dawson, Judith. “Ritual abuse.” Social Work Today 22(3) 1991 p.418
-Day Care and Child Abuse Cases http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/day-care-and-child-abuse-cases/
-This page has information on the Mcmartin Preschool Case, Michelle  Remembers,the Fells Acres – Amirault Case,the Wenatchee, Washington Case, the  Dale Akiki Case, the Glendale Montessori – Toward case. the Little Rascals  Day Care Center case and the West Memphis 3 case.
-deMause, Lloyd, “Why Cults Terrorize and Kill Children” http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/why-cults-terrorize-and-kill-children-lloyd-demause-the-journal-of-psychohistory/ The Journal of Psychohistory 21 (4) 1994 4
-http://web.archive.org/web/20060824054351/http://www.geocities.com/kidhistory/denyra.htm
-deMause, L. (1998) The History of Child Abuse http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/the-history-of-child-abuse-lloyd-demause-the-journal-of-psychohistory/  The Journal of Psychohistory V. 25, N. 3, Winter 1998 and Sexual Addicitons & Compulsivity V 1 n1 1994
-deMause, L. (1991) The Universality of Incest http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/the-universality-of-incest-lloyd-demause/ – Journal of Psychohistory 19 (2) Winter 1991
-Part two  http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/the-universality-of-incest-lloyd-demause-part-two/
-Part three http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/the-universality-of-incest-lloyd-demause-part-three/
-Part four http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/the-universality-of-incest-lloyd-demause-part-four/
-Driscoll, L. N. & Wright, C. (1991). Survivors of childhood ritual abuse: Multi-generational Satanic cult involvement. Treating Abuse Today, 1(4), 5–13.
-Edwards, Louise M.”Differentiating between ritual assault and sexual abuse,” J Child and Youth Care 6(4) 1991 pp. 169-88.
-Extreme Abuse Surveys http://extreme-abuse-survey.net (2007) 750 pages of data on pdf files - EAS for survivors of extreme abuse, P-EAS for professionals who work with survivors of extreme abuse, C-EAS for caregivers who work with children who report extreme/ritual abuse.
-Faller, K.C. (1 994). Ritual Abuse: A Review of the Research. The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Advisor. 7(1).
-Faller, K.C. (1988). The spectrum of sexual abuse in day care. Journal of Family Violence. 3(4): 283-298.
-Faller, K.C. (1990). Sexual abuse of children in cults: A medical health perspective. Roundtable. 2(2).
-Feldman GC; Survivors of sadistic abuse: how to spot them Emergency Medicine, 1993 Aug; 25 (11): 83-7.
-Finkelhor, D., Williams, L., & Bums, N. (1988). Nursery Crimes: Sexual abuse in day care. Newbury Park, CA.: Sage Publications.
-Fliß CM & Igney C (2008). Handbuch Trauma & Dissoziation. Lengerich:  Pabst Science Publishers.Becker, T. (Chapters on Ritual Violence and Organized Abuse)
-Fotheringham, T. (2008). Patterns in Mind-Control: A First Person Account. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 491-540. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Fraser, G. A. (1990). “Satanic ritual abuse: A cause of multiple personality disorder”. Special issue: In the shadow of Satan: The ritual abuse of children. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 55-60
-Freer, M. (2001). “The politics and experience of ritual abuse: beyond disbelief” 10 (2): 220. Health sociology review.
-Frequently Asked Questions about Ritual Abuse and Mind Control http://www.survivorship.org/faq.html
-Frohling, U. (in pre-publication, 2008). Our Father Who Art in Hell: A Factual Account. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, pp. 355-362.  J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds). Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Gallagher, B (1996), The nature and extent of known cases of organised child sexual abuse in England and Wales in Bibby, P. (ed.). Organised Abuse: The Current Debate. Arena.
-Gallagher, B. (2001). Assessment and intervention in cases of suspected ritual child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Review, 10, 227-242.
-Galton, G. (2008). Some clinical implications of believing or not believing the patient. In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 116-126. London: Karnac.
-Garvey, Kevin, and Blood, Linda Osborne. “Interesting times critique of Satanism in America ” Cultic Studies Journal 8(2) 1991 pp. 151-90
-Gelb, Jerome L. “Multiple personality disorder and satanic ritual abuse,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27(4) 1993 pp. 701-8
-Gelb, Jerome L. “Multiple personality disorder and satanic ritual abuse letter Comment in: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 1(3) 1994 pp. 154-.
-Golston, J. (1993). Ritual abuse: Raising hell in psychotherapy: Creation of cruelty: The political military and multigenerational training of torturers: Violent initiation and the role of traumatic dissociation. Treating Abuse Today, 3(6), 12-19.
-Gonzalez, L.S., Waterman, J., Kelly, R.J., McCord, J., & Oliveri, M.K. (1993). Children’s patterns of disclosures and recantations of sexual and ritualistic allegations in psychotherapy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 281-289.
-Gonzalez, Lauren S.; Waterman, Jill; Kelly, Robert J.; Children’s patterns of disclosures and recantations of sexual and ritualistic abuse allegations in psychotherapy. Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 17(2), Mar-Apr 1993. pp. 281-289.
-Goodman, G.S., Qin, J., Bottoms, B.L., & Shaver (1994). Characteristics and sources of allegations of ritualistic child abuse: Final report to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect
-Goodman, Gail S.; Quas, Jodi A.; Bottoms, Bette L.. Children’s religious knowledge: Implications for understanding satanic ritual abuse allegations. Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 21(11), Nov 1997. pp. 1111-1130.
-Goodwin, J. (1993). “Sadistic abuse: definition, recognition, and treatment”. Dissociation 6 (2/3): 181-187. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/1634
-Gould, C., & Cozolino, L. (1992) “Ritual abuse, multiplicity, and mind-control.” Special Issue: Satanic ritual abuse: The current state of knowledge. Journal of Psychology and Theology 20(3):194-6 https://wisdom.biola.edu/jpt
-Gould, C. (1992) Diagnosis and treatment of ritually abused children in Sakheim, D.K. (1992). Out of Darkness: Exploring Satanism and Ritual Abuse. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-669-26962-X.
-Gould, C. & Graham-Costain, V. (1994). “Play therapy with ritually abused children.” Treating Abuse Today, 4(2), 4-1; 4(3), 14-19.
-Gould, C. & Neswald, D. (1992). “Basic treatment and program neutralization strategies for adult MPD survivors of satanic ritual abuse.” Treating Abuse Today, 2(3), 5–10.
-Gould, C. (1995). Denying ritual abuse of children http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/denying-ritual-abuse-of-children-catherine-gould/ Journal of Psychohistory, 22(3), 329-339.
-http://web.archive.org/web/20060824054351/http://www.geocities.com/kidhistory/denyra.htm
-Harper, Jane. “Ritual abuse work.” Social Work Today 23(16) 1991 pp. 20
-Hauer, C. (2005). Transpersonal aspects of the treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder as
-a result of ritual abuse: A mutual descent into the underworld. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. Vol 65(8-B), pp. 4287.
-Healey, C. (2008). Unsolved: investigating allegations of ritual abuse. In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 23-31. London: Karnac.
-Hersha, C.; Hersha, L.; Griffis, D.; Schwarz, T (2001). Secret Weapons. Far Hills, NJ: New Horizon Press. ISBN 0-88282-196-2.
-Hill.J (1996) Believing Rachel http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/believing-rachel-jeanne-hill-the-journal-of-psychohistory/ The Journal of Psychohistory 24 (2) Fall 1996 – describes graphic crimes of abuse
-Hudson, P.S. (1990). “Ritual child abuse: A survey of symptoms and allegations.” Special issue: In the shadow of Satan: The ritual abuse of children. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 27-54.
+==Research on False Memory==
+There is a great deal of evidence showing the existence of the phenomenon of recovered memory and the fairly high corroboration rates of these memories<ref>[http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Recovered_Memories Recovered Memories - Child Abuse Wiki]</ref>. The base rates for memory commission errors have been shown to be quite low, at least in professional trauma treatment. The base rates in adult misinformation studies run between zero and 5 percent for adults and between 3 - 5 percent for children<ref>Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5</ref>. It has been shown that people who recover memories are a lot less suggestible than clinicians have been led to believe by false memory advocates<ref>Leavitt, F. (March 1997) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9134257 False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia] Child Abuse & Neglect - 21, 3, P. 265-272</ref>. It has been stated that false memories are rare<ref>Hall, J., Kondora, L. (2005) [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002764205277012 “True” and “False” Child Sexual Abuse Memories and Casey’s Phenomenological View of Remembering] American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 10 p. 1339-1359  DOI: 10.1177/0002764205277012 "The notion of false accusation is often raised in cases where physical evidence is not available and a period of time has passed or when there has been a delay in recall of the events by a survivor of child sexual abuse. This is not to imply that false memories are not possible. This article outlines how rare they must be, however, based on historical factors and a phenomenological analysis of memory itself....Most scientists investigating traumatic memory doubt that memories of abuse could be planted."</ref> One research study showed the unlikelihood of being able to plant a false memory of a traumatic event<ref>Pezdek, Hodge, D. (1999) July-August [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1132249 Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility] Child Development 70(4) p.887-895 "One false event described the child lost in a mall while shopping (the plausible false event); the other false event described the child receiving a rectal enema (the implausible false event). The majority of the 39 children (54%) did not remember either false event. However, whereas 14 children recalled the plausible but not the implausible false event, only one child recalled the implausible but not the plausible false event; this difference was statistically significant."</ref>. Some have stated that the False Memory Syndrome is not a scientific syndrome<ref>Friesen, J. (1995) "The Truth About False Memory Syndrome, Huntington House Publisher ISBN: 1-56384-111-8 "The number of studies which have subjected false memory syndrome to scientific inquiry is zero. There is nothing scientific about it. There is nothing which defines it. There is no list of symptoms which describes it, nor is there anything which helps us distinguish it from other syndromes."</ref>.
-Hudson, P. S. (1991). Ritual Child Abuse: Discovery, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Saratoga, Calif: R&E Publishers.
-Ireland, S.J. & Ireland, M..J. (1994). A case history of family and cult abuse. The Journal of Psychohistory, 21(4), 417-428.
-IVAT conference in San Diego, California, includes a 4-hour workshop, Wednesday, September 17, 1:00 to 5:00pm,  entitled: Torture-Based mind Control: Empirical Research, Programmer Methods, Effects & Treatment, by Wanda Karriker, Ph.D., Randy Noblitt, Ph.D., H. Jane Wakefield, MA (replacing Eileen Schrader, MSW), and Ellen P. Lacter, Ph.D.
-Johnson Davis, Anne  “Hell Minus One: My Story of Deliverance From Satanic Ritual Abuse and My Journey to Freedom” http://hellminusone.com/ Transcript Bulletin Publishing – ISBN 978-0-9788348-0-7 – 2008  “Anne’s parents confessed their atrocities—both in writing and verbally—to clergymen, and to detectives from the Utah Attorney General’s Office.  Anne’s suppressed memories, which erupted when she was in her mid-30s, were fully substantiated by her mother and stepfather….The book’s foreword was written by Lt. Detective Matt Jacobson, who was the lead investigator with the Utah Attorney General’s Office on Anne’s case in 1995.”
-Woman revisits the ‘Hell’ of ritual abuse http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705269563,00.html By Ben Winslow Deseret News  12/10/08
-Hell Minus One – signed verified confessions of satanic ritual abuse http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/survivor-stories/hell-minus-one-signed-verified-confessions-of-satanic-ritual-abuse/ Anne’s parents confessed their atrocities – both in writing and verbally.
-An Interview With the Author of Hell Minus One
-http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/survivor-stories/interview-with-the-author-of-hell-minus-one/
-Johnston, Jerry (1989). The Edge of Evil – The Rise of Satanism in North America. Dallas: Word Publishing. ISBN 0-8499-0668-7.
-Jones, D.P.H. (1991). Ritualism and child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 163-170.
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-There is no longer room for denial and disbelief – for evading the grim reality of SRA – by recourse to memory research which simply does not apply. Solid scientific inquiry does not allow us that luxury; neither should Christian conscience. https://wisdom.biola.edu/jpt
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-Neswald, David W. and Gould, Catherine. “Basic treatment and program neutralization strategies for adult MPD survivors of satanic ritual abuse.” Treating Abuse Today 2(3) 3 1992 pp. 5-10
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-Pepinsky, H (2006) PEACEMAKING – Reflections of a Radical Criminologist http://critcrim.org/sites/default/files/Pepinsky_proofs_0.pdf by Hal Pepinsky – The University of Ottawa Press ISBN10:  0776606409
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-Report of the Ritual Abuse Task Force – Los Angeles County Commission for Women http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/report-of-the-ritual-abuse-task-force-los-angeles-county-commission-for-women/  Ritual abuse is a brutal form of abuse of children, adolescents, and adults, consisting of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, and involving the use of rituals.
-http://web.archive.org/web/20071122165718/http://www.geocities.com/kidhistory/ra.htm
-Report of Utah State Task Force on Ritual Abuse – Utah Governor’s Commission for Women and Families (1992) http://www.saferchildren.net/print/utahrataskforce.pdf
-Riseman, J. (2008). Ritual Abuse Survivors: Diverse, Yet Similar. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 479-490. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Ritual Abuse Statistics & Research http://web.archive.org/web/20071210161357/http://home.mchsi.com/~ftio/ra-stats.htm
-Ritual Abuse Bibliography http://www.ra-info.org/library/articles/ra_arti1.shtml
-Ritual abuse book list http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/books/
-Rockwell, R.B. (1994). One psychiatrists view of Satanic ritual abuse. The Journal of Psychohistory, 21(4), 443-460.
-Rogers, Martha L. “The Oude Pekela incident: A case study of alleged SRA from the Netherlands.” Psychology and Theology, 20(3) 1992 pp. 257-59
-Rutz, C. Becker, T., Overkamp, B. & Karriker, W. (2008). Exploring Commonalities Reported by Adult Survivors of Extreme Abuse: Preliminary Empirical Findings. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 31- 84. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Rutz, Carol (2001). A Nation Betrayed http://www2.dmci.net/users/casey  The Chilling True Story of Secret Cold War Experiments Performed on our Children and Other Innocent People by Carol Rutz  Grass Lake, MI: Fidelity Publishing. ISBN 0-9710102-0-X.
-Ryder, Daniel. (1992). Breaking the Circle of Satanic Ritual Abuse: Recognizing and Recovering – CompCare Pub.
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-Sachs, A. (2008). Infanticidal attachment: the link between dissociative identity disorder and crime. In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 127-139. London: Karnac.
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-Sachs, A. & Galton, G. (Eds) (2008). orensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder http://www.karnacbooks.com/product.php?PID=25876  London: Karnac.
-Chapters include discussions on ritual abuse, dissociative identity disorder, mind control, extreme abuse, survivor accounts and criminal convictions
-Google books http://books.google.com/books?id=upHtL9lual0C&dq=Forensic+aspects+of+dissociative+identity+disorder+|&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=caNy__6-zt&sig=VwIOryBkcSN0nh24CJR3aJkS_gs&hl=en&ei=702fSbmpOo_ftgfe5eSVDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA142,M1
-Sakheim, D.K. (1996). Clinical aspects of sadistic ritual abuse. In L.K. Michelson & W.J. Ray (Eds), Handbook of dissociation: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives, (pp. 569-594). New York: Plenum Press.
-Sakheim, D.K. (1992). Out of Darkness: Exploring Satanism and Ritual Abuse. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-669-26962-X.
-Salter, M. (2008). Out of the Shadows:  Re-envisioning the Debate on Ritual Abuse. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and  Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp.  155- 176. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Salter, M. (2008) Organized abuse and the politics of disbelief  (p.243 – 283) in Proceedings of the 2nd Australian & New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference 19 – 20 June 2008 Sydney, Australia – Presented by the Crime & Justice Research Network and the Australian and New Zealand Critical Criminology Network – Published by The Crime and Justice research Newtork University of New South Wales December, 2008 http://www.cjrn.unsw.edu.au/critcrimproceedings2008.pdf ISBN: 9780646507378 (pdf)
-Sarson, J. & MacDonald, L. (2008). Ritual Abuse-Torture within Families/Groups https://www.haworthpress.com:443/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?sid=GKL6RNSLURXB9PFCP3HCAPM5XE9N2W9D&ID=110371 Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 16(4), pp. 419-438.
-Sarson, J. and L. McDonald “Ritual Abuse-Torture in Families”, in Jackson, N. (ed) Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence, Routledge, 2007
-Sarson, J; MacDonald,L. Defining Torture by Non-State Actors in the Canadian Private Sphere from First Light – A Biannual Publication of the Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture
-Schmuttermaier, J; Veno S (1999) “Counselors’ beliefs about ritual abuse: An Australian Study http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ607651&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ607651 Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 8 (3): 45-63. doi:10.1300/J070v08n03_03.
-Schumacher, R.B.; Carlson, R.S. (September 1999). “Variables and risk factors associated with child abuse in daycare settings.”. Child Abuse & Neglect 23 (9): 891-8. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Inc.. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00057-5. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 10505902.
-Scott, S. (2001). The politics and experience of ritual abuse: beyond disbelief http://www.amazon.com/Politics-Experience-Ritual-Abuse/dp/0335204198 Open University Press. ISBN 0335204198.
-Searchable releases on satanic ritual abuse http://groups.yahoo.com/group/psnews/
-Sexual Abuse in Day Care: A National Study http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED292552.pdf Executive Summary – March 1988 – Finklehor, Williams, Burns, Kalinowski “The study identified 270 “cases” of sexual abuse in day care meaning 270 facilities where substantiated abuse had occurred involving a total of 1639 victimized children….This yielded an estimate of 500 to 550 reported and substantiated cases and 2500 victims for the three-year period. Although this is a large number, it must be put in the context of 229,000 day care facilities nationwide service seven million children….allegations of ritual abuse (“the invocation of religious, magical or supernatural symbols of activities”) occurred in 13% of the cases.” The authors divided these cases into “true cult-based ritual,” pseudo-ritualism” with a primary goal of sexual gratification and ritual being used to intimidate the children from disclosing and “psychopathological ritualism” the activities being “primarily the expression of an individuals obsessional or delusional system.”
-Silverstone, J. (2008). Corroboration in the body tissues. In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 145-154. London: Karnac.
-Sinason, V (1994). Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10543-9.
-Sinason, V., Galton, G., & Leevers, D. (2008). Where are We Now? Ritual Abuse, Dissociation, Police and the Media. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 363-380. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Sinason, V. (2008). When murder moves inside. In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 100-107. London: Karnac.
-Sinason, V. (2008). From social conditioning to mind control. In A. Sachs & G. Galton (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Dissociative Identity Disorder, pp. 167-183. London: Karnac.
-Smith, Margaret. (1993). Ritual Abuse: What it Is, why it Happens, and how to Help by Margaret – HarperCollins
-Snow B. & Sorensen (1990). “Ritualistic child abuse in a neighborhood setting.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5(4):474-487.
-Sparkes, Barry H. Playing with the devil: Adolescent involvement with the occult, black magic, witchcraft, and the satanic to manage feelings of despair. Dissertation Abstracts International.  Vol. 50, No. 12-B, Pt 1, June 1990.
-Summit, R.C. (1994). “The dark tunnels of McMartin” http://ritualabuse.us/ritualabuse/articles/the-dark-tunnels-of-mcmartin-dr-roland-c-summit-journal-of-psychohistory/ Journal of Psychohistory 21 (4): 397-416.
-http://web.archive.org/web/20060426210043/http://www.geocities.com/kidhistory/mcmartin.htm
-Tamarkin, C. (1991). Critical Issues in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ritual Abuse. Workshop presented at the Eighth International Conference on Multiple Personality I Dissociative States. Chicago, IL.
-Tamarkin, C. (1994a). Investigative Issues in Ritual Abuse Cases, Part I. Treating Abuse Today, 4 (4): 14-23. Tamarkin, C. (1994b). Investigative Issues in Ritual Abuse Cases, Part II. Treating Abuse Today, 4 (5): 5-9. McMartin Both articles http://abusearticles.wordpress.com/2007/12/02/investigative-issues-in-ritual-abuse-cases-part-1-and-2-1994/
-The Satanism and Ritual Abuse Archive contains 92 cases as of February 12, 2008.
-http://endritualabuse.org/evidence/satanism-and-ritual-abuse-archive/
-Uherek, A.M. (1991). Treatment of a ritually abused preschooler. In W.N. Friedrich (Ed.) Casebook of sexual abuse treatment. (pp. 70-92). New York: Norton.
-Valente, S. (2000). “Controversies and challenges of ritual abuse.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11105292 J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 38 (11): 8-17.
-Valente SM. (1992) The challenge of ritualistic child abuse http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119988480/abstract Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5(2):37-46.
-Van Benschoten, Susan C. (1990). “Multiple Personality Disorder and Satanic Ritual Abuse: the Issue Of Credibility” http://www.empty-memories.nl/dis_90/vanbenschoten_sra.pdf Dissociation Vol. III, No. 1 https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/1492
-Waterman, Jill; Kelly, Robert J.;Oliveri, M. K.;and McCord, Jane (1993). Behind the Playground Walls – Sexual Abuse in Preschools. New York, London: The Guilford Press, 284-8. ISBN 0-89862-523-8.
-Wong, B., & McKeen, J. (1990). “A case of multiple life-threatening illnesses related to early ritual abuse.” Special Issue: In the shadow of Satan: The ritual abuse of children. Journal of Child and Youth Care 1-26.
-Woodsum, Gayle M. (1998). The Ultimate Challenge. Laramie, WY: ARI Books. ISBN 0-9665974-0-0.
-Yoeli, F.R. & Prattos, T. (2008). Terrorism is the Ritual Abuse of the Twenty-first Century. In Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Forensic, Social and Political Considerations, J.R. Noblitt & P. S. Perskin (Eds), pp. 261-306. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers.
-Young, Walter C., Sachs, Roberta G., Braun, Bennett G., and Watkins, R. T. (1993) “Patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood: A clinical syndrome. Report of 37 cases.” Child Abuse and Neglect 15(3):181-9
-Young, W.C. & Young, L.J. (1997). Recognition and special treatment issues in patients reporting childhood sadistic ritual abuse. In G.A. Fraser (Ed.), The dilemma of ritual abuse: Cautions and guides for therapists (pp. 65-103). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
+Brown, Sheflin and Hammond stated "''The hypothesis that false memories can easily be implanted in psychotherapy (Lindsay & Read, 1994; Loftus 1993; Loftus & Ketcham, 1994; Ofshe and Watters, 1993, 1994; Yapko, 1994a) seriously overstates the available data. Since no studies have been conducted on suggested effects in psychotherapy per se, the idea of iatrogenic suggestion of false memories remains an untested hypothesis''.<ref>Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5</ref>
-Young, W.C. (1992). “Recognition and treatment of survivors reporting ritual abuse”. In Out of darkness: Exploring Satanism and Ritual Abuse, Edited by D.K. Sakheim & S.E. Devine (pp. 249-278). New York: Lexington.
+Elizabeth Loftus, a proponent of the theory of false memory, has been critiqued in several studies and papers<ref>Crook, L. (1999) [http://users.owt.com/crook/memory/ "Lost in a Shopping Mall"—a Breach of Professional Ethics] Ethics & Behavior, (9, 1) P. 39-50 "An analysis of the mall study shows that beyond the external misrepresentations, internal scientific methodological errors cast doubt on the validity of the claims that have been attributed to the mall study within scholarly and legal arenas. The minimal involvement or, in some cases, negative impact of collegial consultation, academic supervision, and peer review throughout the evolution of the mall study are reviewed."</ref><ref>Hopper, J. [http://www.jimhopper.com/memory/#el Elizabeth Loftus] "Loftus is aware that those who study traumatic memory have for several years, based on a great deal of research and clinical experience, used the construct of dissociation to account for the majority of recovered memories. However, she continues to focus on and attack "repression" and "repressed memories," which has the effect of confusing and misleading many people."</ref><ref>Pope, K. (1996) [http://www.kspope.com/memory/memory.php Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims About the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic] American Psychologist 51: 957. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957
+"Does the trauma specified in the lost-in-the-mall experiment seem comparable to the trauma forming the basis of false memory syndrome? Loftus (1993) described the implanted traumatic event in the shopping-mall experiment as follows: "Chris was convinced by his older brother Jim, that he had been lost in a shopping mall when he was five years old" (p. 532). Does this seem, for example, a reasonable analogy for a five-year-old girl being repeatedly raped by her father?....Is it possible that the findings are an artifact of this particular design, for example, that the older family member claims to have been present when the event occurred and to have witnessed it, a claim the therapist can never make? To date, replications and extensions of this study have tended to use a similar methodology; that is, either the older family member makes the suggestions in his or her role as the experimenter's confederate, or the experimenter presents the suggestion as being the report of an older family member, thus creating a surrogate confederate."</ref><ref>Hoult, J. (2005)[http://www.rememberingdangerously.com/  "Remembering Dangerously" & Hoult v. Hoult: The Myth of Repressed Memory that Elizabeth Loftus]</ref>.
-Young, W. C. (1993). “Sadistic ritual abuse. An overview in detection and management”. Primary Care, 20(2), 447-58.
+==Critiques of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation and its theories==
+Members of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation have been critiqued for misrepresenting data and for their possible reasons for having created the idea of the syndrome.
-Youngson, Sheila C.. Ritual Abuse: Consequences for Professionals. Child Abuse Review, Dec 93, Vol. 2 Issue 4, p 251-262
+In reply to a TV documentary about FMS, William Freyd, (Pamela Freyd's (one of the founders of the FMSF) step brother and sister-in-law) wrote "The False Memory Syndrome Foundation is a fraud designed to deny a reality that Peter and Pam have spent most of their lives trying to escape. There is no such thing as a False Memory Syndrome."<ref name=Whitfield/> "In addition, Peter Freyd's own mother (who is also Pamela's step-mother) and his only sibling, a brother, were also estranged from Pamela and Peter. It should be noted that these family members support Jennifer's side of the story."<ref name=Dallam/>
-Waterman, Jill; Kelly, Robert J.;Oliveri, M. K.;and McCord, Jane (1993). Behind the Playground Walls -Sexual Abuse in Preschools. New York, London: The Guilford Press, 284-8. ISBN 0-89862-523-8.
+A co-founder of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Ralph Underwager, has also had several critiques written about him<ref>[http://ritualabuse.us/research/memory-fms/ralph-underwager/ Information on Ralph Underwager]</ref>. In an interview in Amsterdam in June 1991 by “Paidika,” Editor-in-Chief, Joseph Geraci, Underwager replied to the question ''"Is choosing paedophilia for you a responsible choice for the individuals?"'' with ''"Certainly it is responsible. What I have been struck by as I have come to know more about and understand people who choose paedophilia is that they let themselves be too much defined by other people. That is usually an essentially negative definition. Paedophiles spend a lot of time and energy defending their choice. I don’t think that a paedophile needs to do that. Paedophiles can boldly and courageously affirm what they choose. They can say that what they want is to find the best way to love. I am also a theologian and as a theologian, I believe it is God’s will that there be closeness and intimacy, unity of the flesh, between people. A paedophile can say: “This closeness is possible for me within the choices that I’ve made."''<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/NudistHallofShame/Underwager2.html PAIDIKA INTERVIEW:HOLLIDA WAKEFIELD AND RALPH UNDERWAGER Part I]</ref>
-Woodsum, Gayle M. (1998). The Ultimate Challenge. Laramie, WY: ARI Books. ISBN 0-9665974-0-0
+In a transcription of the TV show Witness for Mr. Bubbles from “Australia 60 Minutes,” Channel Nine Network (Aired on August 5, 1990 in Australia), researcher Anna Salter stated that Underwager "isn’t accurate. That what he says in court does not necessarily fairly represent the literature." That he frequently distorts facts and he sometimes he quotes specific studies, and he’s frequently wrong about what the studies say."<ref>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/NudistHallofShame/MrBubbles.html Witness for Mr. Bubbles] Transcribed from "Australia 60 Minutes," Channel Nine Network  (Aired on August 5, 1990 in Australia) Produced by Anthony Mcclellan; Reported by Mike Munro</ref>
-'''Websites with information and articles on ritual abuse''':
+It was stated in a court document that the two books that he and his wife Hollida Wakefield, wrote "Accusations of Child Sexual Abuse" (1988), and The Real World of Child Interrogations (1990) were not "well received in the medical and scientific press." It was also stated that "when they cannot use a quotation out of context from an article, they make unsupported statements, some of which are palpably untrue and others simply unprovable.” David L. Chadwick, Book Review, in 261 JAMA 3035 (May 26, 1989)." In the same document it was stated that "Both Salter and Toth came to believe that Underwager is a hired gun who makes a living by deceiving judges about the state of medical knowledge and thus assisting child molesters to evade punishment."<ref>[http://vlex.com/vid/36092881 Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Anna Salter, Et Al., Defendants-Appellees.] 22 F.3d 730 (7th Cir. 1994)  Federal Circuits, 7th Cir. (April 25, 1994) Docket number: 93-2422</ref>
-Ritual Abuse.us https://ritualabuse.us
+Those that have examined or written about the False Memory Syndrome theories or foundation or its members have been subjected to harassment. This includes Anna Salter's analysis of her harassment by Ralph Underwager<ref name=Salter>Salter, A. (June 1998) [http://ritualabuse.us/research/memory-fms/confessions-of-a-whistle-blower-lessons-learned/  Confessions of a Whistle-Blower: Lessons Learned]  Ethics & Behavior 8(2) p.115 - 124  DOI: 10.1207/s15327019eb0802_2   Abstract - In 1988 I began a report on the accuracy of expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases utilizing Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield as a case study (Wakefield & Underwager, 1988). In response, Underwager and Wakefield began a campaign of harassment and intimidation, which included multiple lawsuits; an ethics charge; phony (and secretly taped) phone calls; and ad hominem attacks, including one that I was laundering federal grant monies. The harassment and intimidation failed as the author refused demands to retract. In addition, the lawsuits and ethics charges were dismissed. Lessons learned from the experience are discussed.</ref>, David Calof, the former editor of ''Treating Abuse Today'' <ref>Calof, D.L. (1998). [http://ritualabuse.us/research/memory-fms/notes-from-a-practice-under-siege/ Notes from a practice under siege: Harassment, defamation, and intimidation in the name of science] Ethics and Behavior, 8(2) p. 161-187. "For over three years, however, a group of proponents of the false memory syndrome (FMS) hypothesis, including members, officials, and supporters of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Inc., have waged a multi-modal campaign of harassment and defamation directed against me, my clinical clients, my staff, my family, and others connected to me. I have neither treated these harassers or their families, nor had any professional or personal dealings with any of them; I am not related in any way to the disclosures of memories of sexual abuse in these families. Nonetheless, this group disrupts my professional and personal life and threatens to drive me out of business. In this article, I describe practicing psychotherapy under a state of siege and places the campaign against me in the context of a much broader effort in the FMS movement to denigrate, defame, and harass clinicians, lecturers, writers, and researchers identified with the abuse and trauma treatment communities.</ref> and Jennifer Hoult <ref>Hoult, J. (June 1998) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233102426_Silencing_the_Victim_The_Politics_of_Discrediting_Child_Abuse_Survivors The Politics of Discrediting Child Abuse Survivors] Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 125 - 140 "As a victim of child abuse who proved my claims in a landmark civil suit, there have been many attempts to silence and discredit me. This article provides an overview of my court case and its effects....I believe that published documents demonstrate how some members and supporters of false memory groups publish false statements that defame and intimidate victims of proven violence and their supporters. Such altered accounts are used to discredit others in court and in the press."</ref>.
-Persons Against Non-State Torture (NST) Including Ritual Abuse-Torture (RAT) http://nonstatetorture.org/
+Accusations have also been made about the accuracy of the False Memory Syndromes' proponents data and research. Salter has critiqued some of those that defend those accused of child sexual abuse. ''“The people who support and defend those accused of child sexual abuse indiscriminately, those who join organizations dedicated to defending people who are accused of child sexual abuse with no screening whatsoever to keep out those who are guilty as charged, are…not necessarily people engaged in an objective search for the truth. Some of them can and do use deceit, trickery, misstated research, harassment, intimidation, and charges of laundering federal money to silence their opponents.”''<ref name=Salter/>. Whitfield stated ''"Since at least 95 percent of child molesters initially deny their abusive behaviors, how can untrained lay people like Pamela Freyd and her staff “document” a real or “unreal” case of “FMS,” as appears to be the case with most of their communications, which usually occur over the telephone or by letter (p. 76)."''<ref name=Whitfield/>. Jennifer Freyd stated “''Despite this documentation for both traumatic amnesia and essentially accurate delayed recall, memory science is often presented as if it supports the view that traumatic amnesia is very unlikely or perhaps impossible and that a great many, perhaps a majority, maybe even all, recovered memories of abuse are false…Yet no research supports such an implication…and a great deal of research supports the premise that forgetting sexual abuse is fairly common and that recovered memories are sometimes essentially true.”'' (p. 107)
+<ref>Freyd, J. (June 1998) [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a784402310~db  Science in the Memory Debate] Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 101 - 113</ref>
-RA-info http://www.ra-info.org
+Proponents of false memory theories have also been accused of manipulating the media<ref>Stanton, M. (July/August 1997) [http://web.archive.org/web/20071216011151/http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/97/4/memory.asp U-Turn on Memory Lane] Columbia Journalism Review “Rarely has such a strange and little-understood organization had such a profound effect on media coverage of such a controversial matter. The foundation is an aggressive, well-financed p.r. machine adept at manipulating the press, harassing its critics, and mobilizing a diverse army of psychiatrists, outspoken academics, expert defense witnesses, litigious lawyers, Freud bashers, critics of psychotherapy, and devastated parents. With a budget of $750,000 a year from members and outside supporters, the foundation’s reach far exceeds its actual membership of about 3,000.” “As controversial memory cases arose around the country, FMSF boosters contacted journalists to pitch the false-memory argument, more and more reporters picked up on the issue, and the foundation became an overnight media darling. The story line that had dominated the press since the 1980s — an underreported toll of sexual abuse, including sympathetic stories of adult survivors resurrecting long-lost memories of it — was quickly turned around. The focus shifted to new tearful victims — respectable, elderly parents who could no longer see their children and grandchildren because of bad therapists who implanted memories."</ref><ref>Packard, N. (April, 2004) [http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/historymatters/papers/NoelPackard.pdf Battle Tactics of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation] New School for Social Research, N.Y. History Matters Conference  "Kondora’s and Beckett’s studies indicate that the Foundation has been successful in many of its efforts to manage public perception of child abuse victims, therapists and the people accused of child abuse. Kondora and Beckett show that not only has public perception of victimized children become skeptical, but in fact, the press often goes beyond the Victorian custom of neutrality on all fronts of the issue, to out-right sympathy for accused molesters."</ref>.
+The theory of false memory has been used as a defense in court to try and negate "abusive, criminal behavior" and ''this defense is fraught with disinformation, smoke screens, and other untruths that are a distortion of what the available science of the psychology of trauma and memory shows.''<ref>Whitfield, C. L. (2001). [http://web.archive.org/web/20070914163211/http://childabuse.georgiacenter.uga.edu/both/whitfield/whitfield1.phtml The "false memory" defense: Using disinformation and junk science in and out of court.] In Whitfield, C. L., Silberg, J. Fink, P. J. Eds. (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors New York: Hawthorn Press, Inc. (pp. 53 - 78) also in Haworth Press, Special Issue on Disinformation, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9(3 & 4) "Attorneys for accused, convicted or found-responsible child molesters tend to use a superficially sophisticated argument, which can be described as the "false memory defense." This defense is fraught with disinformation, smoke screens, and other untruths that are a distortion of what the available science of the psychology of trauma and memory shows. In this article, this seemingly sophisticated, but actually mostly contrived and often erroneous defense, is described and it is compared in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory."
+"Abstract: This article describes a seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous "false memory" defense, and compares it in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory. Child sexual abuse is widespread and dissociative/traumatic amnesia for it is common. Accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates have crafted a strategy that tries to negate their abusive, criminal behavior, which we can call a "false memory" defense. Each of 22 of the more commonly used components of this defense is described and discussed with respect to what the science says about them. Armed with this knowledge, survivors, their clinicians, and their attorneys will be better able to refute this defense of disinformation."</ref>.
-Survivorship https://www.survivorship.org
+==Related Page==
+[[Recovered Memories]]
-ACHES-MC http://web.archive.org/web/20071218103952/http://www.aches-mc.org/
+==References==
+<references/>
-End Ritual Abuse http://www.endritualabuse.org/
+==Bibliography==
+* Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5
+* Freyd, Jennifer J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma - The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-06805-x.
+* Knopp, Fay Honey (1996). A Primer on the Complexities of Traumatic Memory of Childhood Sexual Abuse - A Psychobiological Approach. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press. ISBN 1-884444-20-2.
+* Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.
+* Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789019019.
-==Related Pages==
+==External Links==
-*[[Breaking the Circle of Satanic Ritual Abuse]]
+* [http://www.kspope.com/memory/memory.php Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims about the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic]
-*[[Cult and Ritual Abuse]]
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20030608221633/http://www.feminista.com/v1n9/false-memory.html False Memory Syndrome A False Construct] Feminista! v2, n10
-*[[Extreme Abuse Surveys]]
+* [http://ritualabuse.us/research/memory-fms/false-memory-syndrome-proponents-tactics/ False memory syndrome proponents tactics] "False memory syndrome proponents have done the following to try and ensure that only their point of view is in the public view."
-*[[Ritual Abuse]]
-*[[Ritual Abuse in the Twenty-First Century]]
-*[[Ritual Abuse Torture]]
-*[[Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse]]